Honey as a bioindicator of environmental organochlorine insecticides contamination / Mel como bioindicador de contaminação ambiental de inseticidas organoclorados

Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan. Honey samples (5 g each) were extracted with GC grade organic solvents and then subjected to Rotary Evaporator till dryness. The extracts were then mixed with n-Hexane (5 ml) and purified through Column Chromatography. Purified extracts (1μl each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides. Of the 15 insecticides tested, 46.7% were detected while 53.3% were not detected in the honey samples. Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. Honey samples from Acacia modesta Wall. were 100% positive for Heptachlor with a mean level of 0.0048 mg/kg followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.003 mg/kg and frequency of 83.3%. Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Endrin and metabolites of DDT were not detected in the studied honey samples. Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. The detected levels of all insecticides were below the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and safe for consumers. However, the levels detected can cause mortality in insect fauna. The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees.

O mel é uma matriz adequada para a avaliação de contaminantes ambientais, incluindo inseticidas organoclorados. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar resíduos de 15 inseticidas organoclorados em amostras de mel de origem unifloral e multifloral de Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de mel (5 g cada) foram extraídas com solventes orgânicos de grau GC e, em seguida, submetidas ao evaporador rotativo até a secura. Os extratos foram então misturados com n-hexano (5 ml) e purificados por cromatografia em coluna. Os extratos purificados (1μl cada) foram processados através de cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a detector de captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) para identificação e quantificação dos inseticidas. Dos 15 inseticidas testados, 46,7% foram detectados enquanto 53,3% não foram detectados nas amostras de mel. O heptacloro foi o inseticida mais prevalente com um nível médio de 0,0018 mg / kg detectado em 80% das amostras, seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,0016 mg / kg detectado em 71,4% das amostras de mel. Amostras de mel da parede de Acacia modesta foram 100% positivos para heptacloro com um nível médio de 0,0048 mg / kg seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,003 mg / kg e frequência de 83,3%. Níveis mínimos dos inseticidas testados foram detectados no mel unifloral de Ziziphus jujuba da usina. Metoxicloro, Endosulfan, Endrin e metabólitos do DDT não foram detectados nas amostras de mel estudadas. Alguns dos inseticidas testados são proibidos no Paquistão, mas ainda são detectados em amostras de mel, indicando seu uso na área de estudo. Os níveis detectados de todos os inseticidas estavam abaixo dos Níveis Máximos de Resíduos (MRLs) e seguros para os consumidores. No entanto, os níveis detectados podem causar mortalidade na fauna de insetos. O uso de inseticidas proibidos é um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo declínio das populações de importantes insetos polinizadores, incluindo as abelhas.

How do pesticides affect bats? - A brief review of recent publications / Como os pesticidas afetam os morcegos? - Uma breve revisão de publicações recentes

Increased agricultural production has been increased use of pesticides worldwide, which poses a threat to both human and environmental health. Recent studies suggest that several non-target organisms, from bees to mammals, show a wide variety of toxic effects of pesticides exposure, including impaired behavior, development and reproduction. Among mammals, bats are usually a neglected taxon among ecotoxicological studies, although they play important ecological and economical roles in forest ecosystems and agriculture through to seed dispersal and insect population control. Considering their wide variety of food habits, bats are exposed to environmental pollutants through food or water contamination, or through direct skin contact in their roosting areas. In order to better understand the risk posed by pesticides to bats populations, we compiled studies that investigated the main toxicological effects of pesticides in bats, aiming at contributing to discussion about the environmental risks associated with the use of pesticides.

O aumento da produção agrícola tem levado ao aumento do uso de pesticidas em todo o mundo, o que representa uma ameaça para a saúde humana e ambiental. Estudos recentes sugerem que vários organismos não-alvo, de abelhas a mamíferos, apresentam uma grande variedade de efeitos tóxicos após a exposição aos pesticidas a pesticidas, incluindo alterações de comportamento, no desenvolvimento e na reprodução. Entre os mamíferos, os morcegos geralmente são negligenciados entre os estudos ecotoxicológicos, embora desempenhem importantes papéis ecológicos e econômicos nos ecossistemas florestais e na agricultura por meio do controle de dispersão de sementes e de populações de insetos. Considerando sua ampla variedade de hábitos alimentares, eles estão expostos a poluentes ambientais através da contaminação de alimentos ou água, ou através do contato direto com a pele em suas áreas de descanso. Para entender melhor o risco que os agrotóxicos representam para as populações de morcegos, compilamos estudos que investigaram os principais efeitos toxicológicos de agrotóxicos em morcegos, visando à discussão sobre os riscos ambientais associados ao uso de agrotóxicos.

Presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en sangre, El Salvador / Presence of organochlorine pesticides in blood, El Salvador

Los plaguicidas organoclorados fueron utilizados en campañas de salud pública y en prácticas agrícolas. Su uso fue prohibido al detectarse residuos tóxicos en tejidos grasos de animales y personas y su persistencia en el ambiente. En El Salvador aún se utilizan, comercializan y almacenan algunos de estos plaguicidas. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en muestras sanguíneas, almacenadas en la seroteca del Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública. Metodología. Estudio transversal de las muestras almacenadas en la seroteca en el periodo de enero a octubre de 2018, analizadas a través del método de cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones. Resultados. Se identificó presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en 33 muestras (34 %); de las cuales 28 se detectaron en hombres. De las muestras positivas 27 eran de personas mayores de 29 años. En los departamentos de La Libertad (7) y San Salvador (6) se identificó mayor cantidad de muestras positivas a plaguicidas para el Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane y el Lindano. Conclusiones. Se identificó presencia de algunos plaguicidas organoclorados en las muestras de la seroteca del Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública, lo que da indicios de la exposición de la población a plaguicidas en el medio ambiente, agua y/o alimentos

Organochlorine pesticides were widely used in public health campaigns and agricultural practices. Its use was restricted and in some cases prohibited when residues of these toxins were detected in fatty tissues of animals and people, as well as their excessive persistence in the environment. However, some of these pesticides are still in use, promoted, and stored in El Salvador. Objective. To identify the presence of organochlorine pesticides in serum samples stored in the National Laboratory of Public Health (LNSP). Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted over samples stored in the (NLPH) during the period from January to October 2018, which were analyzed by the gas chromatography method with electron microcapture detector (uECD). Results. Organochlorine pesticides were identified in 33 samples (34 %), of which 28 were from men. Of the positive samples, 27 were from people older than 29 years. In the department of La Libertad (7), and San Salvador (6), a greater number of samples were identified positive for pesticides Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane and lindane. Conclusions. The presence of some organochlorine pesticides was identified in the seroteca samples of the National Laboratory of Public Health, which indicates the population's exposure to pesticides in the environment, water and/or food

Network prediction of the potential molecular mechanisms in birds of prey exposed to organochlorine pesticides / Red de predicción de potenciales mecanismos moleculares en aves de presa expuestas a pesticidas organoclorados

Abstract In the 1960s, organochlorine compounds were responsible for the decline of birds of prey populations such as Haliaee- tus leucocephalus and Falco peregrinus. Pesticides similar to DDT cause bioaccumulation in birds, affecting their eggshell com- position and compromising their development. Using system biology tools, the goal of this study was to better comprehend how organochlorines act on birds. We performed a literature review, using the STITCH 5.0 platform, searching for the terms DDT and TCDD. The sub-networks were amplified in 100 interactions in STRING 10.5 and joined by the Cytoscape 3.4.0 Merge software, using the experimental animal model Gallus gallus. Clusterization, gene ontology, and centrality were the parameters evaluated in the resulting network. The resulting network had 1,417 interactions and 137 nodes. The clusterization indicated four clusters and the gene ontology pointed to biological processes related to cell signaling and morphological development. The centrality analysis indicated ESR1 and HSP90AB1 as hub/bottleneck proteins involved in the estrogen pathway and calcium transport. Therefore, it is possible that HSP90 proteins have increased expression in birds contaminated with organochlorine pesticides, favoring ESRI-organochlorines interaction and disturbing the calcium availability related to the eggshell formation. The presence or absence of heat shock proteins, such as HSP90, influences several aspects of reproduction in many species. Therefore, the relationship between the HSP90 protein expression and thin-shell syndrome was identified for the first time in this in silico study.

Resumen En los años 60, los organoclorados fueron responsables del declive de aves de rapiña como Haliaeetus leucocephalus y Falco peregrinus. Pesticidas como el DDT, causan biomagnificación en las aves, afectando las cáscaras de los huevos y dañando su desarrollo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue, a través de herramientas de biología de sistemas, comprender cómo los organoclorados actúan en el organismo de las aves. A través de una revisión bibliográfica se incluyeron dos compuestos, DDT y TCDD. Estos fue ron prospectos en la plataforma STITCH 5.0. Las subredes encontradas fueron aumentadas en 100 interacciones en la plataforma STRING 10.5 y unidas por la herramienta Merge del programa Cytoscape 3.4.0, usando el modelo experimental Gallus gallus. En la red resultante se analizaron la clusterización, la ontología génica y la centralidad. La red resultante presentó 137 nudos y 1.417 interacciones. El análisis de clusterización indicó 4 clusters, siendo que el análisis y ontología génica apuntó procesos biológicos ligados a la señalización y al desarrollo morfológico. El estudio de centralidad apuntó a ESR1 y HSP90AB1 como los hubs-bottle- neck proteínas que estaban involucradas en la vía de recepción de estrógeno y en el transporte de calcio. De acuerdo con los resultados podemos inferir que las proteínas HSP90 tienen su expresión aumentada, en aves contaminadas con pesticidas organoclo rados, favoreciendo la interacción entre ESRI y DDT / TCDD. Con ello, la interacción ESRI y la hormona estrógeno se compromete perjudicando el transporte de calcio y consecuentemente la formación de la cáscara del huevo en aves expuestas. La expresión de proteínas de choque térmico ha sido asociada a varios aspectos de la reproducción en muchas especies, sin embargo, una asociación entre HSP90 y el síndrome de la cáscara fina del huevo fue identificada por primera vez en este experimento in silico.

Agrotóxicos e seus impactos na saúde humana e ambiental: uma revisão sistemática / Agrochemicals and their impacts on human and environmental health: a systematic review

RESUMO Atualmente, o Brasil é o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo. Diversos estudos comprovam os malefícios para a saúde humana e ambiental da exposição aos agrotóxicos. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática no período de 2011 a 2017 acerca desse tema em bases de dados científicos. Foram incluídos 116 estudos que demonstraram o impacto negativo para a saúde humana e ambiental. É essencial a realização de estudos sobre os efeitos da exposição crônica e simultânea a diversos agrotóxicos, além de estudos sobre os nexos de determinação estrutural do uso dos venenos e suas consequências.(AU)

ABSTRACT Currently, Brazil is the largest consumer of agrochemicals in the world. Several studies have proved the harm to human and environment health due to exposure to agrochemicals. A systematic review was carried out over the period 2011 to 2017 about this theme on scientific databases. A total of 116 studies were included that demonstrated the negative impact on human and environment health. It is essential to carry out studies on the effects of chronic and simultaneous exposure to various agrochemicals, in addition to studies on the links of structural determination of the use of poisons and their consequences.(AU)

Plaguicidas e hipotiroidismo en agricultores en zonas de cultivo de plátano y café, en Quindío, Colombia / Pesticides and hypothyroidism in farmers of plantain and coffee growing areas in Quindio, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar relación entre hipotiroidismo y plaguicidas en sangre. Metodología Estudio de corte transversal, en agricultores y sus compañeros(as) permanentes en municipios productores de plátano y café. Se calculó muestra representativa. Se realizaron pruebas de función tiroidea, se utilizó un lector de ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus, en una longitud de onda 450 nm. Se determinó la residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados, se implementó un método de microextracción dispersiva en fase líquida (DLLME) asistida por sonicación, y se empleó cromatografía de gases con detector de micro captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para el análisis. Resultados Se incluyeron 819 participantes, 58,7% hombres y 41,3% mujeres; promedio de edad 48,1 años. Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo manifiesto 1,2% y de hipotiroidismo subclínico 6,7%, mayor prevalencia en personas mayores de 60 años (2,6% y 8,9% respectivamente). Se encontró asociación no causal de hipotiroidismo subclínico con plaguicidas organoclorados 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptacloro (sig.0,04), y Endosulfán I (sig.0,02). Los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa (Anti TPO) ≥ 60 lU/ml se asociaron con h. subclínico, OR 2,6. Conclusiones La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo hallada es similar a lo referido en la literatura, es menor que en áreas urbanas; la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico es mayor y con riesgo de progresión a hipotiroidismo franco cuando se relaciona con Anti-TPO positivos, razón por la cual se requiere seguimiento en estos pacientes. Se asociaron a h. subclínico 3 plaguicidas organoclorados. Se recomienda tamizaje de TSH en personas de 40 y más años sobre todo si están expuestas a los agroquímicos mencionados.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To establish the correlation between hypothyroidism and blood pesticide levels. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional study in agricultural workers and their permanent partners in plantain and coffee producing municipalities as reference population. A representative sample was estimated and thyroid function tests were performed using ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus reader, at a wavelength of 450 nm. Organochlorine pesticide residuality was determined, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by sonication was implemented, and a gas chromatography-micro-electron capture detector (GC-pECD) was used for the analysis. Results 819 participants, 58.7% men and 41.3% women were included; their average age was 48.1 years. Prevalence of symptomatic hypothyroidism (1.2%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (6.7%) was observed, with a higher prevalence in people older than 60 years (2.6% and 8.9%, respectively). Non-causal association was found between subclinical hypothyroidism and the organochlorine pesticides 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptachlor (sig.0,04), and Endosulfan I (sig.0,02). Antiperoxidase (Anti TPO) antibodies ≥60 lU/ml were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (OR 2.6). Conclusions The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the studied population is similar to that reported in the literature, and lower than in urban areas. In turn, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is higher and positive anti-TPO values are related to risk of progression to frank hypothyroidism, which is why follow-up is required in these patients. Three organochlorine pesticides were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. TSH screening is recommended in people aged 40 and over, especially if they are exposed to the aforementioned agrochemicals.(AU)

Residuos de pesticidas organoclorados en leche pasteurizada distribuida en Montería, Colombia / Organochlorine insecticide residues in pasteurized milk distributed in Monteria Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar y cuantificar residuos de pesticidas organoclorados en leche de vaca pasteurizada distribuida en la ciudad de Montería, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se colectaron y analizaron 144 muestras durante seis meses (junio-diciembre 2013) de ocho marcas comerciales identificadas como A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Mensualmente se realizó un muestreo simple por atributo. Los POCs (puntos de contacto) fueron determinados usando un cromatógrafo de gas con detector captura de electrones, columna capilar RTX-5 (30.0 m longitud x 0.25 mm diámetro interno, 0.25 µÎ¹τι espesor de película). Resultados En las muestras analizadas se observó la presencia de pesticidas organoclorados, excediendo el Límite Máximo Residual establecido por el Codex Alimentarius. Las concentraciones encontradas fueron: 0.53; 0.15; 0.57; 0.40; 0.22; 0.20; 0.014; 0.002 y 0.028 mg/Kg de Σα-HCH/ß-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, ΣAldrín/Dieldrín, ΣHeptacloro/Heptacloro epóxido, Endrín, α-Clordano, γ-Clordano y Endosulfán I, respectivamente. La marca con mayor número de residuos de pesticidas detectados durante el estudio fue la A. La marca G presentó mayor concentración de residuos de pesticidas totales con 1.46 mg/Kg. Las marcas C y D presentaron, concentraciones menores de 0.72 y 0.0016 mg/Kg, δ-HCH y γ-Clordano respectivamente. Conclusiones Las muestras de leche pasteurizada bajo estudio, presentan residuales de pesticidas organoclorados por encima del límite máximo residual establecidos por el Codex Alimentarius, indicando un riesgo para la salud pública especialmente para los niños que es un subgrupo de la población más vulnerable.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine and quantify organochlorine pesticide residues in pasteurized cow's milk distributed in the city of Monteria, Colombia. Materials and Methods 144 samples were collected and analyzed for six months (June-December 2013) from eight commercial brands identified as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Simple sampling by attribute was carried out monthly. The POC (points of contact) were determined using a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector, with a capillary column RTX-5 (30.0 m long x 0.25 mm internal diameter, 0.25 pm film thickness). Results The samples analyzed showed organochlorine pesticides, exceeding the maximum residue limit established by the Codex Alimentarius. The concentrations found were: 0.53; 0.15; 0.57; 0.40; 0.22; 0.20; 0.014; 0.002 and 0.028 mg/Kg of Σα-HCH/ß-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, ΣAldrin/Dieldrin, ΣHeptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, α-chlordane, γ- chlordane and Endosulfan I, respectively. The brand with the highest number of pesticide residues detected during the study was A. The G brand had the highest concentration of total pesticide residues with 1.46mg/Kg. The C and D brands had lower concentrations with 0.72 and 0.0016mg/Kg, and δ-HCH and γ- chlordane, respectively. Conclusions The samples of pasteurized milk under study had organochlorine pesticides residue levels above the maximum residue limit established by the Codex Alimentarius, indicating a risk to public health, especially in children, which the most vulnerable sub-group.(AU)

Assessment of nephrotoxicity and histopathological lesions of albino rats exposure to DD-force and baygon insecticides / Evaluación de la nefrotoxicidad y lesiones histopatológicas tras la exposición de ratas Albino a los insecticidas DD-Force y Baygon

Although studies suggest adverse effects of pesticides, human exposure to insecticides in homes is increasing and reports on their health effects are limited. The study investigated nephrotoxic effects of organo phosphate and carbamate insecticides, DD-Force and Baygon, in albino rats. Forty-five albino rats divided into groups were exposed to DD-Force (dichlorvos) or Baygon (propoxur) indoor insecticidein wooden boxes in separate exposure duration of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours/day for 14 consecutive days. Serum and kidney tissue obtained after sacrifice were used to determine markers of renal damage and histopathological analysis, respectively. Exposure of rats to the insecticides showed duration-dependent significant increases (p<0.05) in serum levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine compared to control. However, rats exposed to DD-Force insecticide induced significantly higher levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine compared to Baygon (p<0.05). Histopathological lesions were observed in rats exposed to the insecticides, particularly in the exposure duration of 3 or 4 hours/day. These findings suggest that acute exposure to DD-Force and Baygonis nephrotoxic and may induce renal damage in rats.

Aunque los estudios sugieren efectos adversos de los pesticidas, la exposición humana a los insecticidas en los hogares está aumentando y los informes sobre sus efectos sobre la salud son limitados. Este estudio investigó los efectos nefrotóxicos de los insecticidas órgano fosfato y carbamato, DD-Force y Baygon, en ratas albinas. Cuarenta y cinco ratas albinas divididas en grupos fueron expuestas a DD-Force (diclorvos) o Baygon (propoxur) insecticidas de interior en cajas de madera en una duración de exposición separada de 1, 2, 3 y 4 horas / día durante 14 días consecutivos. Muestras séricas y de tejido renal obtenidas después del sacrificio se utilizaron para determinar los marcadores de daño renal y el análisis histopatológico, respectivamente. La exposición de las ratas a los insecticidas mostró aumentos significativos dependientes de la duración (p<0.05) en los niveles séricos de urea, ácido úrico y creatinina en comparación con el control. Sin embargo, las ratas expuestas al insecticida DD-Force indujeron niveles significativamente más altos de urea, ácido úrico y creatinina en comparación con Baygon (p<0.05). Se observaron lesiones histopatológicas en ratas expuestas a los insecticidas, particularmente en la duración de exposición de 3 o 4 horas/día. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la exposición aguda a DD-Force y Baygonis nephrotóxico y puede inducir daño renal en ratas.

Assessment of human health risk associated with the presence of pesticides in chicken eggs

The presence of pesticides in the environment is highly toxic to environment and human health. Aim of the study was determination, quantification and assessment of associated health risk due to presence of pesticide residues in chicken eggs using high pressure liquid chromatography. HPLC method was successfully employed and validated. From collected samples pesticides were extracted in presence of petroleum ether and acetonitrile. Bifenthrin and Difenoconazole residues were found in all samples with different concentration exceeding maximum residue limits (MRL) of Codex Alimentarius Commission. However imidacloprid was not detected in any sample. Concentration of bifenthrin in house egg samples ranged from 0.256206 to 4.112387 mg/kg while in poultry farm samples it varied from 1.5862 to 5.80796 mg/kg. Difenoconazole was found in concentration of 0.02835 mg/kg, 1.7668 mg/kg, 3.7205 mg/kg, 21.8937 mg/kg 21.9835 mg/kg, 19.26407 mg/kg in samples collected from houses while and in poultry farm samples its detected concentration was 10.939 mg/kg, 12.3296 mg/kg, 29.3617 mg/kg, 18.6116 mg/kg, 40.0523 mg/kg and 19.2335 mg/kg. Concentrations of both pesticides Bifenthrin and Difenoconazole exceeded the MRLs (0.05 mg/kg). Health risk index surpassed 1 (the cut off value) for Difenoconazole in seven samples while for Bifenthrin values were less than 1, indicating the possibility of potential medium to long term health risk associated with ingestion of contaminated eggs.(AU)

Antioxidants, reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage associated to the presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk / Antioxidantes, especies reactivas de oxígeno y daño oxidativo asociado a la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en la leche materna

Introduction: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the effects of which can be countered by the antioxidant system, also present in breast milk. Objective: To evaluate the indicators of oxidative stress in breast milk associated to the presence of OCPs, and their relationship with seafood intake. Methods: Breast milk was collected from 108 lactating women. Indicators of oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione concentration, superoxide radical [O2 •-] production, lipid peroxidation and carbonylated protein concentration) were analyzed by spectrophotometry. OCPs concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. Results and discussion: O2 •- production had no significant relationship with OCPs concentrations. Significant correlations between OCPs concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione reductase [GR] activity and aldrin concentration [r = - 0.5], superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity and α-HCH concentration [r = 0.45]) were found. Oxidative damage had a low correlation with OCPs content (r < 0.30, p < 0.05). It is possible that OCP’s levels are not sufficient to increase O2 •- production, that production of ROS other than O2 •- is increased, or that the antioxidant capacity is sufficient to avoid oxidative damage in breast milk. Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that marine diet is not a determinant factor in the level of contamination by OCP’s or in the oxidative damage in breast milk (AU)

Introducción: los plaguicidas organoclorados (POC) pueden incrementar la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO). Tales efectos pueden ser contrarrestados por el sistema antioxidante, el cual se encuentra también en la leche materna. Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores de estrés oxidativo en leche materna asociados a la presencia de POC y su relación con la ingesta de alimentos marinos. Métodos: la leche materna fue colectada de 108 mujeres lactantes. Los indicadores de estrés oxidativo (actividad enzimática antioxidante, concentración de glutatión, producción de radical superóxido [O2 •-], concentración de peroxidación de lípidos y carbonilos proteicos) se analizaron por espectrofotometría. Las concentraciones de POC se midieron por cromatografía de gases. Resultados y discusión: la producción de O2 •- no presentó relación significativa con las concentraciones de POC. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las concentraciones de POC y la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes (actividad de glutatión reductasa [GR] y concentración de aldrín [r = - 0,5], actividad de superóxido dismutasa [SOD] y concentración de α-HCH [r = 0,45]). El daño oxidativo mostró baja correlación con el contenido de POC (r < 0,30, p < 0,05). Es posible que los niveles de POC no sean suficientes para incrementar la producción de O2 •-, ya sea que el incremento en la producción de ERO se deba a especies reactivas diferentes a O2 •- o debido a que la capacidad antioxidante es suficiente para evitar el daño oxidativo en leche materna. Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la dieta marina no es un factor determinante en el nivel de contaminación por POC, ni en el daño oxidativo presente en leche materna (AU)

Determining organochlorine pesticides in samples of green sea turtles by QuEChERS approach / Determinação de pesticidas organoclorados em amostras de tartarugas verdes pelo método QuEChERS

Some Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) can pose numerous adverse effects on biota. Marine turtles face numerous threats, in particular those related to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, development and improvement methodologies for monitoring chemical compounds are a relevant task. In this work, we developed a methodology based on the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction for detection of twelve OCPs, by gas chromatography with electron capture detector, in fat and liver samples of green sea turtles. Quantification limits were lower than 5.3 ng g-1; acceptable recovery rates for most compounds; medium matrix effect; matrix-calibration with linearity at the range from 1.0 to 200 ng g-1. This methodology provides contributions for the study of pesticide residues with adverse effects on sea turtle health, important skills for new directions in conservation issues...

Alguns Pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) podem causar numerosos efeitos adversos na biota. As tartarugas marinhas enfrentam diversas ameaças, em especial aquelas relacionadas às atividades antropogênicas, por isso o desenvolvimento de melhorias nos métodos para monitorar compostos químicos são tarefas importantes. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada na extração QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) para a detecção de doze OCPs, por cromatografia gasosa com captura de elétrons, em amostras de gordura e fígado de tartarugas verdes. Os limites de quantificação ficaram abaixo de 5.3 ng g-1; com taxas de recuperação aceitáveis para a maioria de compostos; efeito matriz médio; calibração da matriz com linearidade variando de 1.0 a 200 ng g-1. Esta metodologia traz contribuições ao estudo de resíduos com efeito adverso na saúde das tartarugas marinhas, sendo importante instrumento para novas direções em temas de conservação...

Avaliação probabilística de riscos à saúde humana em área contaminada por compostos organoclorados / Probabilistic risk assessment to human health in an area contaminated by organochlorine compounds

Introdução: Áreas contaminadas por agentes químicos perigosos em regiões urbanas representam riscos importantes à saúde humana e ao ambiente. Vila Carioca, localizada na cidade de São Paulo, é uma área contaminada por pesticidas organoclorados considerada crítica, pela magnitude da contaminação, pela presença de pessoas residentes e pela complexidade de fontes da contaminação. Vários estudos de riscos já foram realizados por uma das empresas contaminadoras, no entanto, ainda há muita incerteza e controvérsias sobre os riscos à saúde da população. Objetivo: Avaliar o incremento de risco de câncer no tempo de vida para população exposta por meio de uma avaliação probabilística. Método: Foram utilizados dados secundários das contaminações obtidos nos estudos de riscos efetuados pela empresa produtora de pesticidas organoclorados e também em documentos oficiais dos órgãos de saúde e meio ambiente do Estado de São Paulo, resultantes do monitoramento da água e do solo na área residencial no período de 1997 a 2012, para 335 substâncias. Foram selecionadas substâncias carcinogênicas presentes na água subterrânea e solo com melhor conjunto de dados. Para a avaliação probabilística foi empregado o método de simulação de Monte Carlo, por meio do software comercial ModelRisk. Foram utilizados os métodos recomendados pela United States Environmental Protection Agency para a avaliação de risco de exposição dérmica e de incremento de riscos de câncer para substâncias mutagênicas

Introduction: Contaminated areas by hazardous chemical agents represent risks to human health and the environment. Vila Carioca, a neighborhood of Sao Paulo city, is a contaminated area by organochlorine compounds. This area is considered critical because of the high levels of contamination, the people exposed and the sources of contamination. A organochlorine pesticides company, one of the sources of contamination, have conducted some risks studies, however there is still controversy and uncertainty about the health risks. Objective: Conduct a cancer risk assessment to the exposed people, following a probabilistic approach. Method: It were used the data of contaminant concentration values in soil and water, obtained of the environmental studies conducted from 1997 to 2012, for 335 chemicals. The carcinogenic substances with better set of data were selected. For the probabilistic assessment were used the Monte Carlo simulation, by means of commercial software ModelRisk (Vose Software). The methods recommended by the United States Environmental Agency were used, including its recent recommendations for the risk assessment of dermic exposure and increment of cancer risk for mutagenic substances. Results: The risk of cancer found were 4,7x10-3 and 4,1x10-2 , to the percentile 50% and 95%, respectively. The most important exposure routes were ingestion and dermic contact with water, followed by ingestion of soil

Exposição a pesticidas organoclorados e desenvolvimento cognitivo em crianças e adolescentes residentes em uma área contaminada no Brasil / Exposure to organochloride pesticides and the cognitive development of children and adolescents living in a contaminated area in Brazil

Avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de crianças e adolescentes residentes em uma área contaminada com pesticidas organoclorados (OC), e fatores associados à exposição. Métodos: realizou-se um estudo seccional com 102 indivíduos entre 6-16 anos residentes em Cidade dos Meninos, RJ, entre 2012-2013. Uma subamostra de 46 destas crianças dispunha das concentrações séricas de pesticidas OC e hormônios tireóideos, determinados entre 2003-2004. Local de residência materna e tempo de amamentação foram informados por todos os participantes. Desempenho cognitivo foi avaliado pela escala WISC-III. Utilizou-se regressão multivariada para explorar as associações. Resultados: pelo menos 40 por cento das crianças apresentaram inteligência inferior à média (QI<90) em seis domínios cognitivos. A função executiva demonstrou o menor escore. Local de residência materna e tempo de amamentação não associaram-se à cognição, exceto a função executiva. Níveis de alfahexaclorocicloexano (HCH) associaram-se a redução de 0,45, 0,33 e 0,46 pontos nas áreas de execução, resistência à distração (RD) e velocidade de processamento (VP), respectivamente; gama-HCH associou-se a redução de 1,74 pontos na RD e 1,84 pontos na VP; e p,p’-DDT (dicloro-difenil-tricloroetano) relacionou- se a menor pontuação (-0,81) na VP. Observou-se leve associação inversa entre os níveis de triiodotironina total e organização perceptual. Conclusões: resultados sugerem que a exposição crônica aos pesticidas OC poderia acarretar déficits cognitivos nestas crianças e adolescentes...

To assess the cognitive performance of children and adolescents living in an area contaminated with organochloride (OC) pesticides and factors associated with exposure. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 102 individuals aged between 6 and 16 years living in Cidade dos Meninos, in the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro, between 2012 and 2013. A subsample of 46 of these children had serum concentrations of OC pesticides and thyroid hormones determined between 2003 and 2004. Information on place of residence of the mother and duration of breastfeeding were provided for all participants. Cognitive performance was assessed using the WISC-III scale. Multivariate regression was employed to investigate associations. Results: at least 40 percent of the children presented with below average intelligence (IQ<90) in six cognitive categories. Executive function was the lowest score. Place of residence of the mother and duration of breastfeeding were not associated with cognition, except for the executive function. Levels of alphahexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were associated with a reduction of 0.45, 0.33 and 0.46 points in the areas of execution, resistance to distraction (RD) and processing speed (PS), respectively; gamma-HCH was associated with a reduction of 1.74 points in RD and 1.84 points in PS; and p,p’-DDT (dichlorodiphenyl- trichloroethane) was associated with a lower score (-0.81) in PS. A slight inverse association was found between levels of total triiodothyronine and perceptual organization. Conclusions: the results suggest that chronic exposure to OC pesticides may have led to cognitive deficiencies in these children and adolescents...

Avaliação da persistência e efeito do Spinosad no desenvolvimento e reprodução de populações brasileiras de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) resistentes aos inseticidas Temephos e Deltametrina / Evaluation of persistence and effect of spinosad in the development and reproduction of brazilian populations of the aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) resistant to insecticides temephos and deltamethrin

No Brasil, diversas populações de Aedes aegypti são resistentes aos inseticidas mais utilizados, como o organofosforado temephos e o piretróide deltametrina. [...] O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar a eficácia despinosad em laboratório e em simulado de campo, bem como o efeito deste inseticida sobrepopulações brasileiras de Ae. aegypti após pressão de seleção. Em laboratório, após padronização de ensaio tipo dose-resposta, foram avaliados: (i) a eficácia do spinosad sobre sete populações brasileiras de Ae. aegypti com diferentes níveis de resistência aos inseticidas temephos e deltametrina através de ensaio tipo dose resposta; (ii) efeito da pressão de seleção com CL80 de spinosad por seis gerações sobre parâmentros biológicos(longevidade, repasto sanguíneo, proporção entre machos e fêmeas, cópula e oviposição),de populações de campo e da linhagem Rockefeller...

In Brazil, several populations of Aedes aegypti are resistant to commonly used insecticidessuch as the pyrethroid deltamethrin and the organophosphate temephos. [...] The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of spinosad in laboratory and simulatedfield and the effect of this insecticide on Brazilian populations of Ae. aegypti after selectionpressure. In the laboratory, after standardization of dose-response assay, we evaluated (i)the efficacy of spinosad on seven populations with different levels of resistance to temephosand deltamethrin insecticides, and (ii) the effect of selection pressure with CL80 of spinosadon biological parameter settings (longevity, blood ingestion, ratio of males and females,copulation and oviposition) after six generations for two field populations and Rockefellerstrain...

Exposición a plaguicidas persistentes y no persistentes en población no expuesta laboralmente de la isla de Tenerife / Exposure to persistent and non-persistent pesticides in a non-occupationally exposed population in Tenerife Island (Spain)

Objetivo: La exposición crónica a plaguicidas no persistentes se ha relacionado con diversas patologías crónicas; sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado la exposición a plaguicidas no persistentes en población española. Métodos: En 2007 se determinó la presencia de 24 plaguicidas mediante cromatografía de gases/espectometría de masas en 363 muestras de suero de adultos no laboralmente expuestos de Tenerife. Resultados: El 99,45% presentaron residuos (6 ± 2 plaguicidas/muestra). Los plaguicidas más frecuentes fueron piretroides (96,1%), organofosforados (93,9%) y organoclorados (92,3%). En el 81% de los sujetos se detectaron bifentrina y malatión, considerados neurotóxicos, y en el 50% hexaclorobenceno, DDT y buprofezina. El malatión, un "obesógeno ambiental", se detectó en el 82%, y plaguicidas considerados "disruptores endocrinos" en el 97,2% de las muestras. Conclusiones: Existe una exposición inadvertida a plaguicidas no persistentes que puede afectar a la salud de nuestra población, por lo que se hace necesario incluirlos en los estudios de monitorización (AU)

Objective: Chronic exposure to non-persistent pesticides (NPPs) is of concern because these substances have been associated with chronic diseases. However, few studies have addressed chronic exposure to NPPs in Spanish populations. Methods: We determined the presence of 24 pesticide residues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in 363 serum samples obtained from non-occupationally exposed adults from Tenerife island in 2007. Results: Most of the samples (99.45%) showed detectable residues (6 ± 2 pesticides per sample). The most frequently detected pesticides were pyrethrins (96.1%), organophosphates (93.9%) and organochlorines (92.3%). The neurotoxicants bifenthrin and malathion were detected in 81% of the samples and hexachlorobenzene DDT and buprofezin in more than 50%. Malation, an "environmental obesogen", was detected in 82%, and "endocrine disrupter" pesticides were present in 97.2% of the samples. Conclusions: Because there is clear, continuous and inadvertent exposure to NPPs that may be inducing adverse effects on human health, NPPs should be included in biomonitoring studies (AU)

Vías de exposición a plaguicidas en escolares de la Provincia de Talca, Chile / Exposure pathways to pesticides in schoolchildren in the Province of Talca, Chile

Objetivo Describir la concentración de plaguicidas en diferentes matrices ambientales en dos períodos de tiempo (baja y alta producción agrícola local) y estimar la asociación entre la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas en las matrices y su uso en el hogar con variables sociodemográficas de escolares de la Provincia de Talca. Métodos Estudio de diseño transversal en 190 escolares. Se encuestó a las familias para conocer el consumo de vegetales de los escolares en la escuela y en el hogar, el uso de plaguicidas en el hogar y otras variables sociodemográficas. También se midieron los residuos de plaguicidas en vegetales y agua consumidos por los escolares y en el suelo de 14 escuelas. Resultados La matriz vegetal presenta la mayor concentración de residuos en ambos períodos de tiempo, tanto en escolares urbanos como rurales. Los residuos de plaguicidas más frecuentes en los vegetales fueron clorpirifos, difenilamina, pirimetanil y tiabendazol. En los hogares se usan principalmente piretroides y organofosforados en la época de verano. Se encontraron residuos de plaguicidas peligrosos, como azinfos metil y dimetoato, en vegetales consumidos por los escolares en las escuelas y hogares, y de organoclorados en el suelo de algunas escuelas. Conclusiones Se sugiere elaborar propuestas de prevención y control de la exposición a plaguicidas en la población escolar, y evaluar los efectos en la salud de los escolares (AU)

Objective To describe pesticide concentrations in distinct environmental matrices at two time points (low and high seasons in local agricultural production) and to estimate the association between the presence of pesticide residues in matrices and the use of pesticides in the home with the sociodemographic variables of schoolchildren in the Province of Talca, Chile. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 190 schoolchildren. Families were surveyed about their children's vegetable consumption in school and at home, the use of pesticides in the home, and other sociodemographic variables. Additionally, we measured pesticide residues in vegetables and water consumed by the schoolchildren and in the soil of 14 schools. Results At both time points, the vegetable matrix had the highest pesticide concentration, both in urban and rural schoolchildren. The most common pesticide residues in vegetables were chlorpyrifos, diphenylamine, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole. In the home, pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides were mainly used in summer. Dangerous pesticide residues such as azinphos methyl and dimethoate were found in vegetables consumed by the children in schools and households, and organochlorines were found in the soil in some schools. Conclusions Pesticide exposure should be limited and the health effects related to pesticide exposure should be assessed in the school population (AU)

Determinación de residuos de plaguicidas en trabajadores agrícolas del municipio de Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia / Determination of pesticide levels in farmers working in the Barcelona municipality, Quindio, Colombia

Objetivos: En este trabajo se determinaron los niveles de residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados en muestras de sangre periférica de trabajadores agrícolas –fumigadores– en el municipio de Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia. Método: Los trabajadores fueron escogidos al azar dentro de los principales cultivos abastecedores de frutas y verduras de la región. Para la extracción y determinación de los analitos en sangre, se usó la técnica de micro-extracción en fase sólida en modo head space y cromatografía de gases capilar dotado con un detector de micro captura de electrones. Resultados: Como resultado se encontraron residuos de 21 plaguicidas de tipo organoclorados y organofosforados; la mayoría de estos en alta concentración (>0.01 ppm) y prohibidos por la legislación nacional e internacional, sugiriendo que aún siguen siendo utilizados ilegalmente. De la residualidad encontrada, los plaguicidas más representativos fueron: beta-BHC y endosulfan, hallados en el 50 por ciento de las personas evaluadas. Asimismo, se descubrió que entre el 20 y 40 por ciento de las personas tenían residuos de endrin aldehído, forato, sulfotep, disulfoton y thionazin, en circunstancia que la mayoría de estos son de categoría toxicología I y II, comprobando el alto riesgo al que se exponen constantemente los individuos que aplican estos compuestos y la falta de atención e información por parte de las entidades responsables de autorización y fiscalización de su uso. Conclusiones: En este sentido, los resultados encontrados en este trabajo demuestran la importancia de continuar con los estudios de monitoreo y control de calidad de los principales alimentos, fuentes hídricas y trabajadores agrícolas, para así informar a la población acerca de los riesgos a los que está expuesta.

Aim: To determine the levels of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in peripheral blood samples of farm-workers in Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia. Methods: Farm-workers were randomly chosen to cover the major suppliers of fruits and vegetables crops in the region. Solid phase micro extraction in head space mode and capillary gas chromatography with a micro electron capture detector were used for extraction and determination of analytes from blood. Results: Twenty-one pesticides residues among organochlorine and organophosphorusclasses were found. Most of these pesticides were at high concentrations (>0.01 ppm) and represented concentrations forbidden by national and international legislation. Beta-BHC and endosulfan were found in 50 percent of persons tested. Residues of endrinaldehyde, phorate, sulfotep, disulfoton and thionazinwere found amongst 20-40 percent of the persons tested. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the high risks that farm-workers are exposed to, suggesting poor attention and provision of information by entities responsible for permits and supervision. Furthermore, we highlight the need for monitoring and quality control of food, water sources and farm-workers, and the necessity to inform workers and the community of the risks to which they are exposed.

Presença de organoclorados em amostras deágua e ostras Crassostrea sp. do município deCananeia-SP / Presence of organochlorines in water and oysters Crassostrea sp. inCananeia-SP

ostra do mangue Crassostrea sp. é utilizada neste trabalho como organismo bioacumulador, para o monitoramentoda presença de agrotóxicos organoclorados e seus metabólitos DDT, DDD, DDE e o fungicida HCB, visando avaliar seuimpacto. Por ser um local de grande importância ecológica, no ecossistema do Complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananeiaocorrem diversos ambientes aquáticos sujeitos a contaminação pelas atividades humanas. Dentro dessa região foram escolhidosquatro pontos de coleta de água e organismos, com algumas mudanças no tabuleiro por parte dos maricultores,devido às estações do ano, já que no inverno ocorre queda na produção das ostras. Organismos aquáticos sésseis como asostras ficam expostos constantemente. Sendo um organismo filtrador, as ostras podem bioconcentrar esses contaminantes.Neste estudo, verificou-se a possibilidade de contaminação não apenas das ostras, mas também da água, utilizando ametodologia de extração líquido-líquido, com o detector μECG, por meio de cromatografia gasosa. No caso das ostras, ametodologia utilizada foi USEPA 8081B (2007) e também a cromatografia gasosa. Assim, este estudo avaliou a presençados organoclorados na água e nos organismos de criadouros, estabelecidos na área delimitada, avaliando a possibilidadede danos ao meio ambiente e a saúde pública por esses contaminantes. Os resultados obtidos foram negativos, nãodetectando a presença de agrotóxicos organoclorados em ostras. Porém, em algumas amostras de água, foi detectado apresença desses agrotóxicos.

Mangrove oyster Crassostrea sp. is used here as bioaccumulator bodies to monitor the presence of organochlorine pesticidesDDT and its metabolites, DDD, DDE and HCB fungicide, to evaluate its impact. Being a place of great ecologicalimportance in the ecosystem, the Cananeia estuarine lagoon complex presents several aquatic environments subject tocontamination by human activities. Within this region were chosen four collection points and bodies of water, with somechanges on the board by the shell fishermen, due to the seasons, as in winter there is a decrease in the production of oysters.Sessile aquatic organisms such as oysters are constantly exposed to contaminants. Being body filter feeders, oystersmay bioconcentrate these contaminants. In this study, there is the possibility of oysters and water contamination, usingthe methodology of liquid-liquid extraction, using the detector μECG by gas chromatography. In the case of oysters themethodology used was USEPA 8081B (2007) and gas chromatography. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of organochlorinesin water and breeding organizations, established in the area bounded by evaluating the possibility of damage tothe environment and public health of these contaminants. The results were negative, not detecting the presence of organochlorinepesticides in oysters but in some samples of water we detected the presence of pesticides.